Sunday 3 December 2017

Into the Fairylands: Chapter 11

Into the Fairylands
By J. R. Bennett
<Chapter X~*~Chapter XII>
Chapter XI
The Trial of Horcus
~*~
            Jolly Roger flew up to the eagles that were pulling the sled and informed them of what was to be done next.  The eagles then began to adjust their course as so they could transfer onto the rock.
            Getting on to the monolith wasn’t hard.  It was moving slowly enough that the eagles could pull the sled up to the side and everyone get off quickly.  Despite Spyrus’ moment, walking was quite easy.
            “Right,” whispered Bug-a-boo.  “Now that we’re here, we need to be on our guard while we find the seal.”
            “Do we even know what it looks like?” Zach put in.  “I feel like this was never really specified.”
            “Zach’s go a point.” Ed said.
            “That’s because we don’t know what it looks like.” Bug-a-boo replied.  “It was hard enough finding it out, much less what it looks like.”
            “Maybe we should split up,” suggested Travis.  “It’s too big for us to all go it together and it won’t make a difference if we don’t know what it looks like.”
            “Even Travis has one.” Ed commented. “Normally he gets one of those a week.”
            Travis gave Ed a look.
            “I don’t want to risk it.” Bug-a-boo went on, pausing for a second.  “No.  It isn’t right.  There’s a good chance we’ll find the seal with Manoo.”
            With the old wizard getting the final word on the matter, everyone began the trek along Spyrus.  The eagles stayed behind to keep watch and provide an easy escape when the time came.

            The surface of Spyrus was quite smooth and the steeper areas were noticeably harder to climb.  The fog didn’t make it any easier with some craters being hidden by random, thick gobs.  At one point, Travis nearly fell into one of those craters.
            “Careful!” Zach cried as he caught Travis.  “Last thing we need is a casualty.”
            Not long after that, everyone decided to set up camp for the night.
            “There’s not much of a point going any further.” Ed argued.  “It’s hard enough to walk in this fog without someone breaking their neck; the dark’ll just make it worse.”
            They were too exposed on the surface for a proper fire and had to rely on a small mound of coals for warmth.  For extra protection, everyone took turns keeping watch through the night.  It wasn’t worst thing as they had Little Dill to keep them company since the small toy didn’t need to sleep.

            In the morning, they started out again.  This time Jolly Roger flew a bit ahead to see if there was anything important.  Every once in a while the seagull would return to warn them of some craters and then fly back.  The day ended with another fireless campout with no results.

            The morning began with more hiking before stopping for a brief luncheon.  Bug-a-boo kept lamenting about the situation as he fingered through a small book of notes.
            “Wha’s up, Ed?” Zach inquired, noticing a queer facial expression on his friends face.
            “Do you hear something?” Ed asked.  “Like heavy breathing.”
            “I don’t hear anything,” said Travis.
            “I’m hearin’ something.”  Ed insisted.
            In one of the craters, that was a few miles away, fire shot out into the air.
            “I think we found our titan.” Ed mused and jumped to his feet.
            Jolly Roger flew ahead to scout for any danger and was quick to return with an “all clear” answer.
            When everyone arrived at the cave, they were met with the smell of decay and burning.  Alice poked her head over the opening when she heard the sound of something big and hot coming up the cavern.
            “Swo---osh!” went a geyser of flames into the air.  It lasted for a few minutes and then dissipated.
            “Something’s down there, that’s for sure.” agreed Bug-a-boo.
            “Could it lead to Manoo?” asked Alice.
            “Possibly.” Ed answered.  “The only problem is that fire.”
            Zach looked at his watch, his lips moving like he was counting. “Fifty-five, fifty-six, fifty-seven…” he counted. “Two minutes. One, two, three…”
            Finally, another flaming geyser shot up.
            “Ten minutes!” Zach announced.
            “What about ten minutes?” asked Ed.
            “That’s how much time we’ve got before the next flame shoots up.”
            “You don’t honestly think there’s a way down there?” doubted Bug-a-boo.
            “Have you any other ideas?” Zach shot.
            “Yes.  We keep going.  There’s no guarantee that this cavern goes anywhere.”
            “Well, the longer we wonder, the more likely it is that this rock has made land fall.”
            The tense silence that followed was soon broken by another blast of fire.
            “There goes another ten minutes.” Travis muttered to Ed and Alice.
            Jolly Roger and Little Dill were losing patience.  As soon as the fire stopped, the bird and toy set out down the cavern.  They made it back just before the flames shot up.
            “There’s a cave down there.” Jolly Roger explained.  “Could easily get to it if we’re fast enough.”
            “So, there’s a cave.” Ed pondered.  “Could lead to Manoo, could not.”
            “I’m starting to wonder if the fire is even real.” Alice put in.
            “What do you mean?”
            “Haven’t you noticed that there hasn’t been any heat from the fire when it shoots out?”
            “Now that you mention it,” added Bug-a-boo, “it’s not hot at all.”
            “So, it has to be an illusion,” concluded Travis.
            “Bingo.” said Ed.  “We just need to make sure that it’s true and not a real trap.”
            “I’ll doos it!” piped Little Dill and started puttering to the edge of the crater.  “If you guys are goings to arg’oo ‘bouts it, I mights as wells.”
            Before anyone could do anything, a rush of flame erupted into the air.  Everyone watched in horror as Little Dill leaned over the edge and the flames rushed past him.
            Nothing happened.
            “Obviously a trick.” observed Zach.
            “Could have been Horus’ way of keeping intruders out.” Ed added.  “I remember George telling me once that Horcus was always a paranoid god.  There’s a good chance that this won’t be the last trick.”
            “Great,” fumed Zach, “a god with a paranoia complex.  What next? One with a Napoleon complex or Freudian issues?”
            “Now is not the time for quips.” Bug-a-boo interrupted.  Now that we know that it is safe to go in, we’d may as well prepare ourselves for what’s to come.”
            When the flames died down, Ed and Travis peered down into the pit.  It seemed to go downward and then curve into a horizontal position.  There was no sign of any flame to light the way below, further confirming that the flaming geyser was just an illusion.
            Using some pegs and rope, everyone made their way down to the bottom of the cavern, still feeling uneasy whenever the flames would shoot up.  Little Dill however rode on Jolly Roger and met everyone at the bottom quite quickly.
            “Tooks yous long enough!” the little doll mocked as everyone finally reached the bottom.
            They left the rope behind as the group began to make their way through the tunnel with lamps.  The long cavern curved in every direction, making it hard to determine whether they were going the right way at times.  It was eerily quiet; the only sound heard was their feet, tapping along the solid stone.
            “We should be getting close.” said Bug-a-boo, trying not to be too loud.
            “What makes you so sure?” Zach quizzed.
            “A tunnel can’t go on for ever young man.  Eventually, we should find the end.”
            “Oi!” Ed called.  “I think there’s an opening ahead.”
            “How can you tell?” asked Travis.  “It’s so dark here; I can barely my hand in front of my face, even if there are lamps.”
            “I can hear the wind.” Ed replied. “I know it sounds weird but if you listen closely, you can hear the wind whizzing across the opening.”
            Alice approached the opening cautiously.  She could hear a slight sound of the wind – Ed was quite right about that – but it was hard to tell what was above due to it being so dark.
            Jolly Roger fluttered up to the opening with a lamp clutched to his talons.  The little light seemed to float for a few seconds as the gull went up and then disappeared.
            Everyone waited in anticipation.  In the few moments they waited, time stretched into what felt like an eternity. 
            At last, Jolly Roger returned.
            “There’s something up there alright.”  He replied.  “No sure what… There was a queer sound.”
            “What sort of sound?” Ed asked.
            “Like something large was breathing.”


Monday 6 November 2017

Little England: A Review of Foundation: The History of England from its Earliest Beginnings to the Tudors by Peter Ackroyd

"None Shall Pass"

England.  England.  England.  It has roads, waters, grass, and people…

            You know what?  That’s all I got.  Seriously, I didn’t think I would get this far.   You can go home now.  There’s nothing to see here.  We already have a grail.

            Seriously, go, or I’ll need to unleash the killer rabbit on you.  

I warned you...

            I’ve been informed that the above opening is too silly to use in this blog post. Personally, I believe that with the topic at hand, silliness is called for.


            The Medieval period is a time of knights, lords, serfs, and kings.  It often calls on images only reserved for Monty Python and the Holy Grail.  Peter Ackroyd’s Foundation: The History of England from its Earliest Beginnings to the Tudors tells this story (without any reference to Monty Python I mean).  Through the history of Medieval England, Peter Ackroyd is able to present the facts on this era by blending the art of storytelling and historical presentation.  Peter Ackroyd’s Foundation is a book that will both educate and entertain the reader.

Peter Ackroyd
 Summary
            Foundation: The History of England from its Earliest Beginnings to the Tudors tells the story of England, covering a period from the time of early man and hunter-gatherer culture, the influence of Roman and Saxon cultures and the arrival of the Normans to the War of the Roses and the advent of Henry Tudor (Henry VII).  Ackroyd covers the social and political development in this period with the argument that the history of England is “one of continual movement and of constant variation,”[1]  that England was always changing and developing, not in a Whiggish way but that is a starting point and still echoes in contemporary times.

            (I know it sounds Whiggish but it’s hard to avoid it when explaining the flow of history.  It was also this or stopping to talk about Magna Carta, which has the same result.  *sigh* Right, back to the summary.)

            The book opens with the early history of England and the hunter-gatherer culture of regions like Cheddar Gorge and Devon and the Romanization of Britannia through both invasion and cultural exchange.  Ackroyd then goes on to discuss the Saxon invasion, something created through migration and destruction of the indigenous population by bubonic plague, precursor to the 1300s.  Once the Saxons are settled, the reader is given an overview of the new Anglo-Saxon society, such as the use of the Germanic word walh (Saxon for Celtic or Latin speaker) and its use in place names like Wales, Cornwall, Walsall, and Walthamstow.[2]  Ackroyd even mentions certain cultural influences such as the cremation cemetery, where smaller villages like Sancton, Yorkshire, where such forms of burial lasted well into the nineteenth century.[3]  Chapter 7 introduces the reader to William the Conqueror or William the Bastard (not William the Butcher, the Baker, or Candlestick Maker) and it is here we see the medieval world we know.  Readers are introduced to the Feudal System, struggles for power between the king and his lords, pretenders for the throne, the King of France, and (in some cases) the Pope.  At this point, Ackroyd takes the reader through events like the Peasants Revolt, the signing of Magna Carta, ultimately culminating at the War of the Roses and the intervention of Henry Tudor, marking the beginning of the Tudor dynasty.
Saxon Tapestry of a King and his Court
with a man being hanged to the right.
The Writing
            Foundation’s greatest strength is in the writing ability of its author, Peter Ackroyd.  Throughout the book, Ackroyd has an ability to strike that balance between narrative and analysis.  This is never an easy task for any historian.  Even I find it hard to create a post that is both informative and entertaining (goodness knows you guys were probably bored to tears by my essay on the history of one-room school houses in Ontatio!).  One of my favourite parts in Foundation is Ackroyd’s description of William I’s funeral:
The Bayeux Tapestry with
William I in the Centre

When [William I’s] body was taken to the monetary of St. Stephen at Caen for burial body burst, exuding a foul stench that sent the mourners running from the building.  It was, perhaps, a fitting end for one who was already swollen with greed and cruelty.[4]
This morbidly dark yet entertaining excerpt demonstrates Ackroyd’s ability as a writer.  From the previous chapter, the reader is given a picture of the cruelty and averous nature of William I.  (He was a greedy bastard.)  Throughout his rule, William treated England as his cash cow.  He confiscated land from English opponents and raised with heavy and sudden taxation, documenting all taxable items in what is known as the The Domesday Book.  Ackroyd draws a poetic parallel between William I’s swelling wealth in life and his swollen carcass in death.

The Layout
            In addition, the layout of Foundation allows for the reader to smoothly transition throughout each section of the book.  Ackroyd arranges his thoughts intricately, each one leading into the next with a flawless stroke.  One moment the you’ll be reading about the landing of William the Concquror, his Norman army and their victory against King Harold’s Saxon forces, the net you’ll be reading about King John “Lackland” signing Magna Carta at Runnymede.  The secret to Ackroyd’s brilliance is in how he alternates between the political and social developments in a neat and clear fashion.  This alteration between these two historiographical topics allows for the reader to understand the context before Ackroyd begins on the next major topic.
Artist impression of King John signing Magna Carta
at Runnymede.

Conclusion
            In conclusion, Peter Ackroyd’s Foundation: The History of England from its Earliest Beginnings to the Tudors is worth checking out.  Ackroyd’s wit cuts through the shadows of the “Dark Ages” to provide an illustrated narrative that both entertains and informs readers.  Therefore, I highly recommend readying Foundation by Peter Ackroyd to anyone who is interested in reading about Medieval England.





Sources:
Ackroyd, Peter. Foundation: The History of England from its Earliest Beginnings to the Tudors. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 2011.

Gilliam, Terry, and Terry Jones, dirs. 1975. Monty Python and the Holy Grail. Film. EMI/Python Pictures/Michael White.


[1] Peter Ackroyd, Foundation: The History of England from its Earliest Beginnings to the Tudors, (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2011), 443.
[2] Ibid., 51.
[3] Ibid.
[4] Ibid., 106.


Monday 30 October 2017

Loot Crate - October 2017


Welcome!  Today I am going to be looking at the Loot Crate.  For those who don't know.  Loot Crate is a monthly subcription where you can get some neat collectables and cloths.  This months theme is Mythical.  Let's see what October's SPOOOKY crate has to offer.

Ghostbusters Tee
When the 80's haunt your everyday life
Who you gonna call?
When the synth pop
cut your ears like a knife
Who you gonna call? 

This is an awesome shirt. I love how it combines the early nineties pastels and Ghostbusters tp make something quite entertaining.





Strangers Things Vinyl Figure

A great vinyl set.  We have Eleven and the Demogorgon facing off line from the end of the the first season.  It's perfect for decorating your desk or just having on display.  Waffle not included (Don't tell Eleven).







Thor vs. Loki Vinyl Figure

This is my favourite find in this month's crate.  I'm a fan of the Thor comics (namely Loki) and this little addition is now on my book shelf in the office.






Buffy the Vampire Slayer Wooden Bookmark
A neat, little, wooden bookmark.  I never really was a fan of the show.  In fact, I'm pretty sure I was too young to be its target audience. It's a bookmark.  It marks books.









Goblin Pin

It's a pin.  I like the look of the goblin and I have it pinned on my house coat.  'Bout it.








Final Thoughts?
Overall I'm happy with what was in the crate.  The Thor and Loki set is definitely my favourite.  I would for sure do this again.  I would give this 8 1/2 stars out of 10.


Monday 23 October 2017

Into the Fairylands: Chapter 10

Into the Fairylands
By J. R. Bennett
<Chapter IX~*~Chapter XI>
Chapter X
The March on Spyrus
~*~
High in the skies, Little Dill looked out for the rock Spyrus on the back of Captain Jolly Roger.  From a pair of oversize binoculars, the little toy searched with no sign of the rock in sight.  Behind the pair were an army of one hundred eagles, each armed in the event of an attack.
            “Any sign of the rock?” asked Jolly Roger.
            “Nots yet!” Little Dill called back.
            The flock steered to the left.  Nothing.  To the right.  Still nothing.  All they could still see was purple mist flowing everywhere.
            Jolly Roger dived down, the eagles following suit.  Soon their bellies were an inch from the ice as they glided over the surface.  Just as fast as they were below, they rose back up again and veered west.  The sudden turn took caused Little Dill’s hat to be flung from his head and fall in to the violet abyss.
            “We’re losing light, sir,” called one from the eagles from behind.
            Little Dill wasn’t listening though; he was too absorbed in looking for the Spyrus.
            “He’s quite right!” Jolly Roger called back.  “We’ll have no way of getting back if we don’t leave now while the sun is still out.”
            Little Dill heard the seagull this time and reluctantly agreed to travel back to the Pedigree.  The flock was about to turn around when from their right came a crowd of flying, deformed, snake-like creatures.  Jolly Roger dived down to avoid them while the eagles charged head on into the oncoming mass.
            Jolly Roger surged left and right as eagles and monsters fell from the sky, landing on the hard ice below.  Both toy and bird knew that there was little chance of going back as long as the conflict above them was in the process, but sitting and waiting would not be a wise choice either.  The best option Jolly Roger could come up with was for Little Dill and him to keep moving as much as possible and avoid being noticed by the Manookoo.
            Left and right.  Up and down.  Over and under.
            Little Dill gripped tightly to the seagull with all his might, hoping not to be knocked off.  There was little hope that that they would make it out alive now.
            Jolly Roger was losing strength; he needed a chance to rest before they could even try to make it back to the ship.  In the distance looked like a blackish mass that was large and round.  The pair didn’t notice that it was from the mass that the Manookoo were streaming from, nor would they have cared if they had.
            Jolly Roger just made it to the shore (if that is even the right word for it).  From there Little Dill and Jolly Roger both could see the fighting.  The eagles had a slight advantage but the Manookoo creatures were over starting to gain the upper hand.
            Little Dill and Jolly Roger made their way up the rocky shore toward the start of what appeared to be a smooth slope made of solid stone.  Little Dill looked at Jolly Roger.  Jolly Roger looked back at Little Dill.
            “By Jove!” the gull cried.  “I think this has to be that Spyrus rock the old wizard was croaking about.”
            “It is! It is!” the little toy cried back, jumping with glee.
            “We have to get back to the ship.” Jolly Roger realized.  “We need to tell Ed an’ them our find.”
            “But hows?  Those snakey t’ings ares all overs the places.”
            “Right,” said the bird.  “I guess we’ll just have to charge through and hope for the best.  Get back on my back.  Hang on tight.  I wasn’t named captain for nothing.”
            With a run, a jump, and the flap of a wing, Jolly Roger was soon gliding close to the ice field.  Whenever there seemed to be an enemy or an ally falling from the battle in the sky, the seagull would veer to avoid collision.  Little Dill tried to signal as many of the eagles as he could of the sudden retreat, trying his hardest not to lose his grip on his flying friend.  Behind them, some of the eagles stayed behind to hold of the snake-creatures while those who were growing tired could retreat with Little Dill and Jolly Roger.

Ed and Travis were on the poop deck with Captain Mulligan looking over a map of the Periculosus Sea, marking where the cloud was moving currently and estimating the time before it would reach the island.
            “They’ve got a day, at most.” Mulligan said solemnly.  “It’ll reach the coast by morning and then make its way across.  Any ground forces there are going to need to be ready.”  The captain then scribbled on a sheet of paper and handed it to one of the crewmembers.
            “What I’m interested in knowing,” added Ed, “is where on earth Spyrus is.”
            “Unless your little friend and tha’ bird get back ‘ere in one piece,” Mulligan answered, “we’re up t’e creek wit’ou’ a pa’le.”
             There came a moment of silence.  Suddenly, from the distance came a faint call.  The three looked to see Little Dill and Jolly Roger flying back to the ship.  With a crash into the table, toy and bird made it back in one piece with the remaining eagles following suit.  Many were tired and somewhat battered from the conflict.  Mulligan ordered for the infirmary to be opened up for the eagles while an emergency meeting was held on the poop deck.
            Little Dill told everyone what he and Jolly Roger saw on their expedition.
            “Our bow is pointed west so that means our rock is headin’ from the stern eastward to the Forestlands.” Mulligan observed from the map.  “We’re gonna need to act fast.”
            “That’s gonna be easier said than done.”  Zach observed pointing at the direction Mulligan had been referring too.  “If we’re going that way, there’s a good chance those snake creatures are going to attack.  We know they’re defending Spyrus since they went after Little Dill and Roger.  I’m not saying we can’t do it, I’m saying we’re going to need cover when we go.”
            “We still have the brownies.” Ed answered.
            “But how long will they hold?”
            “I don’t know?”
            “Then forget them.  We’re going to need something to keep those things at bay.”
            “Then what do you suggest?” Ed asked hotly.  “Seems like you want to criticize but not give a solution.”
            “Easy.” Alice interrupted.  “We can still use the Brownies, but we’ll just need something to back ‘em up.”
            “I will provide some more of my guard to support your venture.” Stormwing called.
            “Well, that’s settled.” said Bug-a-boo as he pulled from his pipe.  “Now, I suppose I ought to list out what we know.  First, the Zeltic demi-god Manoo is locked up with his cult in a floating rock; second, said rock is shrouded in a thick purple fog that is bent on destroying the Deltic Empire; third, the only known weakness of Manoo is to break the seal that is keeping this said rock in existence.”
            “Well,” answered Travis, “we at least know what we need to do.”
            “I hope you all know,” Bug-a-boo went on solemnly, “this is going to be very dangerous.  Manoo will be relentless.  As a titan, he has the power to and will do whatever he can to squash his enemies.”
            “Yes,” Ed answered.
            “Good.  It helps to know what you’re getting into before doing something stupid.”

The next morning, everyone was ready for battle.  One of the Pedigree’s life boats were modified to act as a sled to get Bug-a-boo, Ed, Travis, Zach and Alice across the frozen ocean to Spyrus with harnesses made of rope that would be worn by some of Stormwing’s eagles.
            It was midday once everyone was ready.  Through the purple haze, was a vague abyss that showed nothing of their destination.  The sled was pointed roughly in the direction Little Dill and the search party had traveled from the day before.  After a few goodbyes and well wishes, the eagle-driven sled containing a few brownies, four adolescents and a wizard set out.  A head of the group was a small group of eagles – who would act as protection should they run into trouble – and Little Dill and Jolly Roger acting as guides (though it was advised for the pair to flee to the sled should they run into any of those flying snake-creatures again).  Captain Mulligan insisted they wait until morning to set out but Ed disagreed.  To Ed, they needed to head out as soon as possible before they lost track of the floating rock.
            As the sled bolded into the purple haze, Alice looked back on the Pedigree, and watched as the old, ironclad ship became smaller, and encased in the mist.  Soon the ship was lost from sight and the sled was surrounded in the purple fog.  It was hard to see Little Dill through the haze; everyone could only make out part of Jolly Roger for a few moments but just as fast, he was lost in the mist.
            The journey was an uncomfortable one.  The frozen salt water had been captured in mid-wave at some points, causing the boat to jump every so often as it sped along.  Despite the sky being hard to see, a heavy rain fell hard on the small band.  The only protection they could find was an old canvas tarp that was left in the boat.
            Eventually Jolly Roger and Little Dill flew back down to the sled; the two were soaked from the rain but didn’t seem much bothered by the ordeal.
            “We’re almosts there!” Little Dill cried.
            “Some of the eagles saw some of those Manoo creatures a head.” Jolly Roger explained.  “They’re going to stage a distraction for us so we can get on through.  We should be at Spyrus shortly.”
            At that moment, there came the squeal of a beast in great pain and the sound of metal clanging.
            “There they go,” said Ed.
            “No time for that,” interrupted Bug-a-boo.  “Look!”
            There before them was the rock Spyrus, moving at a slow pace.  Even in the purple fog, everyone could see it.

Tuesday 3 October 2017

The Last DJ: A Tom Petty Tribute

To-day, I heard about the passing of musician and actor Tom Petty.  Many of us can remember the number of great hits by him whether it be from his long running band Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers ("Refugee", "Into the Great Wide Open", "Don't Come Around Here No More"), hi solo career ("Won't Back Down", "Yer So Bad", "You Don't Know How it Feels"), or his  role in the 80s supergroup The Travelling Wilburys ("Handel with Care", "End of the Line", Tweeter and the Monkey Man").

With a career lasting 40 years, Petty was able to adapt to the trends in the music industry.  From the rock and roll twang of the 70s, the synthetic pop of the 80s, to the grungy heavy beats of modern rock.  We have truly lost a legend of rock and roll.

His music has had an influence on artists and fans alike.  Songs like "I won't back down" are heard everywhere and are still hits.  I always have a few of his songs on my playlists for writing.  So, all I can really say is thank you Tom Petty.  You stuck around long enough to bless the world with your music, it's sad you couldn't stay longer.


Friday 8 September 2017

On the Road to Rainhill with Loco Motives: A Study of the Innovation in Rail Travel during the Early Nineteenth Century

Artist's portrayal of a bustling Victorian Station
            “[T]he engine, having received its supply of water, the carriage placed behind it… and was set off at its utmost speed, thirty-five miles an hour, swifter than a bird flies… You cannot conceive what that sensation of cutting the air was; the motion is as smooth as possible, too.”[1]  This quote from Fanny Kemble describes the experience of travelling by steam locomotive during the early days of rail travel.  The Industrial Revolution owes much of its development to the steam locomotive.  These steam driven machines changed the world by allowing for people and goods to reach destinations faster than in the past and would dominate transportation for almost a century.  The innovators of this change in transport were Richard Trevithick and the father-son duo George and Robert Stephenson, their efforts in the development of the steam engine culminated at the Rainhill Trials.  Their work affected the Industrial Revolution by developing the steam engine from being a tool for mining and factory work into a revolutionary mode of transport.

Richard Trevithick
            Trevithick’s invention of the stream locomotive was merely an improvement on an improvement to the steam engine.  In 1777, the Newcomen atmospheric steam engine purpose was to pump water out of mines to allow for further collection of coal, iron and other important minerals by British mining industry.[2]    These steam engines were heavily inefficient, consuming copious amounts of coal and a thermal efficiency of around one percent.[3]  In 1763, Scottish engineer James Watt was able to make the steam engine more efficient by introducing a water-cooled condenser that was connected to the cylinder via a long pipe and then closed off the top of the cylinder to prevent heat loss, allowing less coal to be needed in powering the engine.[4]  Though this made the engine more practical, it still used low pressure, making it difficult any other use other than factory work.[5]

            Trevithick believed that higher pressure would allow for a more effective engine.[6]  To make this belief a reality, he used a boiler and piston design and had the fire and flue placed within the boiler to maximize amount of water that would be heated to power the engine.[7]  The success of this innovation led Trevithick to see if his improved steam engine could actually propel itself and set to work, with assistance from friends in Camborne, make this image come true.  By 1801, the Puffing Devil made its first run along the streets of Camborne, only stopping when it ran out of steam.[8]  The voyage of Puffing Devil proved to Trevithick’s theory that a steam engine with a boiler-piston design could act as a self-moving machine for transport.

Artist's portrayal of Trevithick's locomotive traveling
along the Pen-y-Darren Tramway
            On February 1804, Samuel Homfray, owner of the Pen-y-Darren Ironworks in South Wales, challenged Trevithick to a wager of five-hundred guineas that a steam propelled “travelling engine” could not carry eleven tons across the ten mile tramway from Pen-y-Darren  to the Glamorganshire Canal in Abercynon.[9]  Trevithick accepted this bet, and on 21 February 1804, his locomotive, a crudely built machine with a single vertical piston and long piston rod to power an eight-foot flywheel, set out along the cast iron rails of Pen-y-Darren’s tramway with ten tons of pig iron and seventy men.[10]  Trevithick’s engine accomplished the voyage in four hours, travelling five miles an hour, but its weight broke the brittle iron rails by the end of its journey.[11]  While the Pen-y-Darren returned to using horses for the next thirty years, Trevithick proved the capability of his steam driven machines as a form of transport.

George Stephenson
            Trevithick’s success in building his steam engine to pull goods and passengers at Pen-y-Darren sparked a boom in developing rail transport, including a civil and mechanical engineer from Northumberland named George Stephenson.  Stephenson first interaction with a steam locomotive’s inner workings started while working on the Blücher at a colliery in Killingworth.  It was while working on Blücher that Stephenson introduced a series of long lasting innovations such as condensing the number of controls for the cut-off to a throttle, and allowing the engine to move in reverse.  Stephenson’s innovations interested Edward Pease, who made Stephenson chief engineer on the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1823.[12]  The twenty-six mile rail line connected the port town of Stockton-on-Tees with the industrial town of Darlington; it had been the hope of Pease to make this line a “great public way,”[13] where both passengers and goods could travel between the two communities.

Print of George Stephenson's
Locomotion
            On 25 September 1825, the Stockton and Darlington Railway was opened to the public with Stephenson’s Locomotion pulling the first train containing six hundred passengers and freight as a top speed of twelve mile per hour.[14] Unlike Trevithick’s Pen-y-Darren locomotive that had one piston and a flywheel, Stephenson designed Locomotion with two pistons mounted vertically in the boiler while crossheads and connecting rods branched off to drive the wheels.[15]  Though Locomotion proved successful in its inaugural voyage, the Stockton and Darlington was not ready for complete mechanisation of its railway; passengers would continue to be carried by horse-drawn wagons while the locomotives would be restricted to hauling coal.[16]
Robert Stephenson, circa 1850
            George Stephenson’s success at Stockton and Darlington led him to the Manchester and Liverpool Railway.  The thirty mile line had been built to connect the city of Liverpool with the industrial centre of Manchester so that merchants would be able to import and export goods with markets in the United States.[17]  The main issue that arose in the planning stages of the railway was whether to use locomotives or cable inclines.  Stephenson was not against cableways, having used such traction on his colliery, but he believed that locomotives would be a better choice for the new line.[18]  While a compromise was agreed upon over the gradients of the line, the debate over whether cable or locomotive would be used to work the line was still in heated battle.  It was agreed among the directors of the Manchester and Liverpool Railway that the answer to the problem would be found through an experimental rally.[19]  A prize of five hundred pounds offered to “a Locomotive Engine which shall be a decided improvement on those now in use.”[20]  Those interested in participating had only five months to design, test and build their locomotives to meet the strict standards set for the trials.[21]  The engines would pull three times their own weight while not polluting the surrounding area, meaning that coke would have to be burned instead of coal.[22]  On October 6, 1829, five contestants in what would be remembered as the Rainhill Trials greeted the directors.[23] 

Robert Stephenson's Rocket
            Among the contestants was George Stephenson’s son Robert, who had taken over overseeing the development of the Stephenson firm’s entry, Rocket.  Robert Stephenson’s entry was designed to improve upon the father’s Locomotion while using well-established innovations to allow the locomotive to meet the standards set at the trials.  The two pistons on Rocket were set at a thirty-five degree angle on the sides of the back end of the boiler with connecting rods to power the front driving wheels.[24]  Robert introduced two major innovations with his engine: the multitubular boiler (an invention by Marc Séguin) and a blastpipe, to draw air through the boiler tubes and assist in the consumption of fuel.[25]  The improved boiler and the new blastpipe allowed for Rocket to consume less fuel and be consistent in its performance when it appeared at Rainhill.

Diagram of Cyclopede

            Rocket was the only engine to perform consistently without issue during the trials, among the contending locomotives was a “horse worked contraption” call Cycloped.[26]  It proved to be an early failure when one of the horses on Cycloped’s treadmill fell through the floor of the engine and broke its hoof.[27]  Timothy Burstall’s Perseverance became damaged when it was delivered to Rainhill and, though allowed time for repairs, only reached ten miles per hour when it made its appearance.[28]
Novelty (left) and Sans Pareil (right)
  The Sans Pareil by Timothy Hackworth was disqualified when it was discovered that the engine was six hundred pounds over the 6.6 ton weight limit, though it was believed that the engine could have had some potential.[29]  The only contestant that could have possibly challenged Rocket would have been John Ericsson and John Braithwaite’s Novelty.  With an unconventional design and reports of reaching speeds of twenty and forty miles per hour, Novelty quickly became the favourite among those attending the Rainhill Trails.[30]  Though it may have been able to reach such speeds, it suffered malfunctions in all three of its trial runs.[31]  Due to the failure of the other contestants to complete the trials and its innovative design, on October 14, 1829, Robert Stephenson and his Rocket won the Rainhill Trials.[32]

            In conclusion, the success of Richard Trevithick, and George and his son Robert Stephenson meant that the steam locomotive had a leading place in the Industrial Revolution.  The success at Pen-y-Darren prompted Trevithick to improve on his invention and displayed it in London in 1808 along a circular track under the name Catch Me Who Can, it was not as successful due to a broken rail and a lack of interest by the public after a while, forcing Trevithick to close his venue a few weeks later.[33]  Trevithick had successfully taken Watt’s improved steam engine and made it into a smaller and useful travelling machine, setting the stage for the rise of steam traction in transportation.  George Stephenson’s Locomotion continued regular service until 1841.[34]  During its thirty-year career, Locomotion’s boiler exploded in 1828 and had to be refitted before briefly serving as a pumping station during the 1840s.[35]  Since 1975, it has sat in the Darlington Railway Museum as a testament of George Stephenson’s effort in improving the steam locomotive and proving its strength and durability in pulling passengers and goods.  Robert Stephenson’s victory at Rainhill meant that he would have a contract with the Liverpool and Manchester Railway to produce more engines.[36]  He would go on to improve upon his Rocket design and produce more advanced locomotives such as his Planet class engines, the first steam locomotive class created.[37] Despite the original steam powered engine having a different objective, Trevithick made it possible for it to become a form of transportation.  George and Robert Stephenson introduced new ways for the steam locomotive to become more practical in British society and demonstrated how these machines would change British society for the better.  Therefore, the developments by Trevithick and the Stephenson’s allowed for the locomotive to become a part of the Industrial Revolution.
J. M. W. Turner's Rain Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway


Bibliography
Dettmer, Roger. “Prime Mover.” Engineering & Technology (17509637) 8, no. 11 (December 2013): 60-63. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed February 24, 2015).

Gardner, Laura. “Archive.” Professional Engineering 20, no. 7 (April 4, 2007): 80. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed February 19, 2015).

Garratt, Colin, ed. The World Encyclopaedia of Locomotives. London: Acropolis Books, 1997.

Kemble, Fanny. “A Trip on Stephenson’s Rocket, August 1830.” In Writing the Rails: Train Adventures by the World’s Best-Loved Writers, edited by Edward C. Goodman. New York: Black Dog and Leventhan Publishers, 2001.

Morgan, Bryan. Early Trains. London: Camden House Publishers, 1986.

Nock, O. S. The Pocket Encyclopaedia of British Steam Locomotives in Colour. Poole: Blandford Press Ltd., 1964.

Ross, David, ed. The Encyclopaedia of Trains. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2003.

Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization Vol C: Since 1789. Boston: Cengage, 2012.





Notes:
[1] Fanny Kemble, “A Trip on Stephenson’s Rocket, August 1830”, in Writing the Rails: Train Adventures by the World’s Best-Loved Writers, edited by Edward C. Goodman, (New York: Black Dog and Leventhal Publishers, 2001) 11.
[2]Roger Dettmer, “Prime Mover”, Engineering & Technology (17509637) 8, no. 11 (December 2013), Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, accessed February 24, 2015, 61; Jackson J. Spielvogel, Western Civilization Vol C: Since 1789, (Boston: Cengage, 2012), 599.
[3] Dettmer, 61.
[4] Dettmer, 61-62.
[5] Ibid., 62.
[6] Ibid.
[7] Ibid.
[8] Ibid., 63.
[9] David Ross, ed., The Encyclopaedia of Trains, (London: Amber Books Ltd., 2003), 10; Colin Garratt, ed., The World Encyclopaedia of Locomotives, (London: Acropolis Books, 1997), 9.
[10] Bryan Morgan, Early Trains, (London: Camden House Publishers, 1986), 7; Ross, 10; Spielvogel, 600.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Morgan, 12; Garratt, 9.
[13] Morgan, 13. Garratt, 9.
[14] Morgan, 13. Garratt, 9.
[15] O. S. Nock, The Pocket Encyclopaedia of British Steam Locomotives in Colour, (Poole: Blandford Press Ltd., 1964), 113; Ross, 12.
[16] Ibid.
[17] Morgan, 16.
[18] Ibid., 16-17.
[19]Morgan, 17; Laura Gardner, “Archive”, Professional Engineering 20, no. 7 (April 4, 2007), Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed February 19, 2015), 80.
[20] Gardner, 80.
[21] Ibid.
[22]Morgan, 17.
[23] Ibid., Gardner, 80.
[24] Nock, 113; Ross, 13.
[25] Ibid.
[26] Morgan, 17, Gardner, 80.
[27] Gardner, 80.
[28] Ibid.
[29] Ibid.; Morgan, 17; Ross, 13.
[30] Morgan, 18, Gardner, 80.
[31] Gardner, 80.
[32] Ibid.
[33] Garratt, 9; Morgan, 7.
[34] Ross, 12.
[35] Ibid.
[36] Gardner, 80.
[37] Ross, 13.