Shadows of Londonia

...lift up your hearts, all will come right. Out of depths of sorrow and sacrifice will be born again the glory of mankind. 

-Winston S. Churchill

Hello.  As we know yesterday, something horrible happened out on Westminster Bridge in London, England.  Some people have jumped to the conclusion that this was a terrorist attack while ignoring that there is little relating to terror except some person running their car through a crowd.  For all we know, this person could have been acting on their own accord.

                My only worry is that people and spin-doctors are going to spin this into yet another campaign that will make us willing to give up our rights and attack people based some association with the attacker based on their faith or culture.  My friends, love is louder.  We shouldn’t let fear and hate gnash their teeth and prod with their talons and make us think the world is going to implode on us.  We’re all in this together, let’s just try to remember that.

Picture Credits.

http://www.shuhadaholidays.com/tours_post/london/

Into the Fairy Lands: Chapter 7

Into the Fairy Lands

By J. R. Bennett
<Chapter VI~*~ChapterVIII>

Chapter VII

Little Dill’s Army

~*~

The group returned to Newtown just after midnight.  Ed made sure the house was locked up tightly when they were home.  A news article in the Imperial Star, a Deltic newspaper, outlining an attempted arrest at the Empress Hotel in Bathill the night they had left the city, proved his prediction of possible capture.  That morning, Ed and Travis sat in the living room.  As everyone else was a sleep, the two young men had decided to discuss what they could do next.

            “There isn’t much we can do,” Ed explained.  “Parliament will debate the matter and decide what course will be taken.”

            “I guess we can chill ‘til then.”  concluded Travis.

            “I guess we could.”  Ed looked up at the clock.

            Ed and Travis made their way to the kitchen for breakfast.  As soon as Ed put the kettle on the stove, Ryan came in from work.

            “Morning gents,” he said as he collapsed into one of the chairs in the kitchen.

            “Shh!” snapped Ed.  “Zach and Alice are still sleepin’?”

            Ryan said nothing else but picked up the paper.

            Travis nearly jumped when he spotted Little Dill at the kitchen window.  He almost did not recognize Little Dill this time as he was in an orange coat and a blue collarless shirt.  The toy waved excitingly as Travis opened to window.  Little Dill then proceeded to jump from the counter to the kitchen table and took a seat on top of a saltshaker.

            “Mr. Kina’s beens keeping me busy,” Little Dill explained in his usual way.

            “With what?” asked Travis.

            “I can’t says.  It’s top secrets.” answered Little Dill and then took a surprisingly large bite out of a slice of toast.

            “I can’t imagine what Kina would have you do,” commented Ryan from behind the paper.  “You’re only useful for typing and even then you wear yourself out dancing on the keys.”

            Little Dill’s face grew red at hearing this.  “You takes that backs!” he snapped.

            “Why would I take back is the truth.  I mean, your too small for Kina to have any real use for you, he only has you in the order because you have better grammar and spelling than the other typists.”

            Little Dill began throwing sugar cubes at Ryan with as much force as he could muster.  The small doll was so busy in his fit of furry that he did not notice Ed grab him by the back of his orange coat.

            “Why do you have to provoke him like that?” Ed asked Ryan as he placed Little Dill on the counter.

            “Can’t help it,” said Ryan with a cheeky grin.  “It’s just fun getting him going.”

            The hectic fight between Little Dill and Ryan woke Zach and Alice, who joined the others downstairs.  Over their breakfast, the quartet made plans to travel to the river for some sightseeing.  When they were finished, they made their way down the street to a small dirt road that branched out toward a nearby forest.

The Tashford forest, in all its glory, is located just outside of Newtown near the Tashford River.  Though it was often full of holidaymakers, in the November haze it was quiet and peaceful.  The river still hadn’t frozen over and there were two or three people on the other side of the river fishing, trying to get a few more catches before the ice began to build up.  As the group of five wandered through the area, each keeping to their own vices, they could notice the mud and dead leaves mixing with the light sprinkling of snow that had fallen the night before.

            Ed took a seat on a bench, observed the quiet scenery, and slowly drifted into meditation.  He watched Travis and Zach walking along the bank and throwing stones into the river, while Alice was walking among the trees.  As they enjoyed themselves, some children came running up to Ed.

            “’cuse me mis’er,” said one, “but our ball’s fallen into the water and’s stuck on a branch.  Could you get it for us?”

            Ed called Travis, Zach and Alice to join him.  The ball in question was caught on a tree branch and was bobbing about in the water.  A plan was quickly made.  Travis, while holding on to Zach and Ed, would reach over to the ball and collect it.  It seemed like a simple plan, but if any lesson can be taken from this situation: the simplest things can be the biggest headaches.

            Travis leaned out for the ball, which turned out to be further out than first thought.   Zach and Ed moved forward a bit to help Travis.  The mud beneath their feet began to make them slide and next thing they knew, the three men tumbled into the river.  “I got it!” cried Travis, as the Zach and Ed sat picking dead leaves from their hair.

“I don’t know what you three were thinking,” called George from inside the kitchen.  “Going into the Tashford River at this time of the year… you’re lucky Pumpkin Stone and I was heading down there.”

            They were at the McTrotter home.  As soon as George and Pumpkin Stone arrived, Ed, Alice, Zach and Travis were taken to the McTrotter house to warm up.  George loaned the men some dry clothes while Emma tended to theirs.

            George emerged from the kitchen with a tray of mugs.  He handed Ed, Zach, and Travis mugs containing a greyish fluid, which when they drank from it, they spat it out.

            “What’s in this?” shot Zach in disgust.

            “Just an old family recipe.” replied George.  “My mother use to make it when we had the sniffles.  Tea, honey, mustard, salt, and vinegar.  You never forgot your jacket and boots when you left the house after that.”

            “It’s not too bad if you can move it around your tongue.” muttered Ed to the other two.  “Kind of has a tolerable after taste, if I do say so myself.”

            “Have you seen Little Dill lately?”  George added.  “The wee thing was here not too long ago and when he left, some of our cutlery was gone.  Even the Hudsons from up the street have been robbed.”

            “He did say Kina had put him to work.” piped in Travis.

            “But what job would Kina put Little Dill up to that includes nicking peoples silver ware?” inquired George.

            “If it’s anything, those brownies will be in on it,” added Ed.  “They always like being up to mischief when there’s nothing to do.”

            “If you do find, Little Dill,” said George “Tell him Emma and I just want our silver back.”

That night, the group had returned to Ed’s house.  Alice stood outside looking down the sloped grassy plain of the back yard.  In the far left corner was the tool shed, an old, wooden build that was losing some of its slate panels on the roof.  What attracted Alice’s attention to it were the strange sounds coming from within the shed.

            The noise sounded like someone rummaging through the shed.  Alice slowly made her way to the shed, making sure not to create any noises as she moved.  The closer Alice got to the shed, the clearer the sounds became.  “This won’t do,” called one.  “We could use this shovel,” went another.

            Alice looked in.  She saw two small figures, about the same size as Little Dill, searching through Ed’s tool shed.  They were dressed in cloths made from leaves and bark with pointed hats made also from leaves on the tops of their heads.  The two figures turned and looked at Alice.

            “Run,” called the first and jumped out of a hole conveniently nearby.  The second was not as lucky.  It darted for the window at the back of the room, but only crashed into the glass.  The sprite, in a state of confusion, darted for the door, but was caught by Alice.

            “Curse those coat tails!” it fumed.

            Alice wasted no time bringing the little figure to Ed and the others.

            “I figured it would be a brownie,” said Ed crossly.

            “Master Dill won’t like this,” snapped the sprite, and kicked over a peppershaker.

            “What is it?” asked Zach.

            “A brownie.” explained Ed.  “They’re little sprites, smaller than gnomes in most cases.”

            “I’ve got important business to do,” the brownie cried.

            “I can see that,” shot Ed.  “Breaking into my shed pitching my gardening tools.  I have a good mind to call the police for this.”

            “Please don’t!” cried the brownie again.  “Master Dill would not like that.  We have to prepare for the invasion!”

            “Invasion?”

            “Aye, the invasion.  Mr. Kina has given Master Dill instructions to prepare for the invasion of the Milkadoo.”

            “You mean the Manookoo.”

            “Yeah, that’s it.”

            Ed looked to Alice, Travis and Zach for a brief second and then turned to the brownie.  “What is your name sprite?” he inquired.

            “Hob,” was the brownie’s reply.

            “Well, yon sprite Hob,” said Ed, being cautious not to offend the brownie, “we would be honoured if you would show us to Lit- I mean Master Dill.”

            “I could. But you will have to swear to me that you’ll not tell anyone about this.”

            The way Hob made the quartet swear was queer.  First, Hob made them stand on their left foot with their tongues sticking out to swear to the Imp King; then the quartet had to do the same thing on their right foot and swear to the Goblin King.  Once this was over, Hob led Ed, Zach, Travis and Alice out to the Tashford forest.

It was dark now when they entered the Tashford.  The great, mighty, trees looked like long figures with branches like extended fingers, waiting to reach out and snatch the others without warning.  They were led off the main path into a section of trees.  Here the group began to feel trapped as the trees became less uniform and began to jeer out in all directions.  Alice nearly tripped over a fallen tree as they trekked further in.  In the distance, they could hear the sound of metal being struck and the smell of burning wood.

            The group was greeted with an industrious scene.  Great ovens were being fed with coal, wood and any other flammable fuel available, while brownies took turns jumping on hand-made billows to keep the fires burning.  Some brownies dumped carts loaded with cutlery and garden tools into large caldrons for melting.  The melted metal was then transferred on makeshift cranes to stands where they were molded and forged into swords, shields, arrowheads, and other weaponry.

            Overseeing all of this work was a small figure, standing on a tree branch and dressed in a military uniform.  Hob jumped up to the figure and whispered something to it, and then the brownie leaped back down to join the others.  The figure then grabbed what looked like a vine or rope and swung down to the five nearby.

            “So this is what you’ve been up to,” said Ed, “Little Dill.”

            “Hellos.” the little toy greeted.

            “Looks like you are raising an army,” added Travis, stating the obvious.

            “Yeses I ams,” Little Dill replied.

            “Who put you up to this?” asked Alice.

            “Mr. Kina.  He tolds me to goes and tells anyone who woulds listen.  I wents all over the town withs a sign and no ones listened, except the brownies.”

            “We could tell,” added Ed.  “They’ve been using their ability of entering people’s houses to nick cutlery and other metal objects to forge your weapons.”

            Little Dill looked startled.  “You didn’t tells me this metals was stolen.” the little toy snapped to a brownie pushing a wheelbarrow.

            “You didn’t ask,” was the brownie’s reply and then set off again.

            “I didn’ts mean to steals,” said Little Dill, still shocked over what had just happened.

            “Don’t worry,” assured Ed.  “I’m sure Bug-a-boo will kindly magic new cutlery and such for those robbed.”

After the event in the Tashford Forest, Ed, Travis, Zach, and Alice, made their way back to the house. Little Dill joined them, as he was too disgusted at the actions of the brownies to continue overseeing their work.  Once home, the five sat in the sitting room, sipping some tea while Little Dill told them of his many adventures.  As the night drew on, Ed, Alice, and Travis left for bed, leaving Zach and Little Dill alone.

            “Aren’t you scared of going to war?” asked Zach.

            “Nope,” Little Dill answered confidently.

            Zach was surprised.  “How come?”

            “I’ve seen peoples die alls the time.  I used to be owned by Bennie-man Frankie-lan’s daughter, Sarah.”

            “Sarah?”

            “Yeps.  She was my best-est friend, or she used to.  When she gots too old fors me, I ran away.  I traveled all over the colonies, I even saws the revolution.  Then I wandered some mores and saw the Civil War…”

            At this point, Little Dill’s voice trailed away.  Zach wasn’t sure, but he could have sworn there was a tear coming from the doll’s eye.  “You must have seen a lot of death during that.”

            “Yeah.  I can remember walkin’ into a small town in the south.  There was a little girl theres who found me.  Everydays, she would take me to the garden in the back of her homeses.  Her names was Ellen.  One days, we were playin’, then there cames the sound of gunses.  The little’s girl droppeded me as she ran back to the house.  I watcheded as Sherman’s Union soldiers burned the whole town to the grounds.  Whens I returned to that town later, the girl was gones.  I don’t know what happened to that girl.  I’ve heard that the whole family died in the fire, but I can’t believes it…  Zachy, I can’t stands war.  I don’ts like people fighting and killing each other over dumb stuff.”

            “If you think war is so terrible, why are you raising this army?”

            “Some ones has to.” the little toy replied.  “I would give up my pacifisms for the chance to save those I love.”

            Little Dill then looked to the window and stared at the stars, it was the first time anyone saw Little Dill look sad.  Anyone who knew the toy was a happy soul, with the habit of getting into trouble now and again, but here, this subject of war and the remembrance of the horrors of his past, made Little Dill show his true side.  A side that was masked by a wide grin and flashy coat tails, a side saddened by the mere fact that he was almost immortal. 

            Zach, not knowing what he should do, left the little toy alone.

Aliens in Their Own Country: Election of 1917 and the Conscription Crisis in French Canada

Poster for Voting Yes for Concsription vote. 

            Conflict between French and English Canadians is a common theme found in Canadian history; going as far back as the Conquest.  These two nationalities that make up the Canadian identity have differed culturally, mainly in religious and lingual forms, and continued to be at odds with one another after Confederation.  In the years leading up to the First World War, English and French Canadians fought over Ontario’s Regulation 17, which restricted the teaching of French in schools in the province.[1]  This incident caused divisions between French and English Canadians, in which the 1917 election and the crisis over conscription continued to divide these two groups during the First World War.   Both the election and the conscription crisis singled out French Canadians and led to rioting within the province of Quebec.  The goal of this paper will be to examine these two events and show how they served to further divide French-English relations.

            On 3 August 1914, Great Britain declared war on the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, which meant Canada, as one of the other dominions in the British Empire, was expected to participate in the conflict.[2]  Since the mid-nineteenth century the Canadian government relied on a small army made up of volunteers in times of crisis.[3]  It was thought at the beginning of the war that English and French would have united in fighting along the Western Front in France and Belgium when the first Canadian contingent of 36,267 soldiers set out for Europe.[4]  On the surface, this number suggests a large number of Canadians rushed to volunteer but, as Margret Levi reveals in her article “The Institution of Conscription”, upon closer inspection, it can be seen that the majority of members in this first wave were British-born while only twenty-seven percent were English Canadian and three percent French.[5]

            Despite this, Canadians across the country fully supported the war.  The streets of Montreal were crowded with people cheering while French Canadian newspapers proclaimed that French and English Canadians were now united in the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary.[6]  Protestant and Catholics, such as the Archbishop Paul Bruchési, backed the British Crown and argued that the war was “just and needed to be fought.”[7]  This enthusiasm began to waver as the war progressed.  Modern weaponry, poisonous gases and poor conditions in trenches led to mounting casualties: 61,000 deaths and 173,000 wounded from the 620,000 men Canada mobilized over the course of the First World War.[8]  As the death toll rose, the amount of enthusiasm Canadian men had for volunteering was in decline by 1917.[9]  The French-Canadian province of Quebec was seen as responsible for the lack new recruits as it contained 1.6 million of the two million French Canadians that lived in Canada, of which only 14,100 had volunteered in the Canadian Expeditionary Force.[10]  Calgary’s Member of Parliament R. B. Bennett, the cabinet member appointed to overseeing the recruitment, reported that in one case reported that a million and a half men volunteered, of whom only five hundred thousand were “considered military prospects.”[11]  The most enthusiastic were British immigrants who had just arrived in Canada while French Canadians became more supportive as the war progressed.[12]   The need for more manpower in Europe prompted Prime Minister 

Canadian Prime Minister
Sir Robert Bordon,
Conservative

Robert Borden to introduce in House of Commons the Military Service Act (M.S.A.) on May 18, 1917 and it faced much opposition.[13]  Henri Bourassa of the Nationalist Party, with backing from prominent members of the French Catholic Church and members of the Quebecois press, argued that enforcing conscription on French Canadians would turn them into “a revolutionary people.”[14]  Bourassa’s argument, though extreme, was not inaccurate.  French-Canadian nationalist leaders published literature against conscription, calling for all Canadians to actively protest the bill; while in Quebec anti-conscription marches descended into riots and the “harassment of soldiers and recruitment officers.”[15]  After the bombing of the residence of Lord Atholstan, owner of the pro-conscription newspaper Montreal Star, police discovered that the group the Dynamitards, had also planned on attacking other targets including Parliament and even had assassination plans for the Prime Minister and other government officials.[16]  Some newspapers, such as the Protestant Presbyterian and Westminster, tried to be sympathetic to the French Canadian reaction.[17]  They argued that unlike English Canadians, who reserved strong loyalty to Britain and its empire, French Canadians remained loyal only to Canada and “[t]o die abroad would be to die in exile.”[18]  The article went on to argue that had Canada been directly attacked, French Canadians would have gladly gone to arms against any foe.[19]

Sir Wilfred Laurier
Opposition Leader,
Liberal

            The former prime minister and leader of the official opposition, Wilfred Laurier, opposed the idea of conscription and pressed for a referendum over the matter, which was denied by Borden.[20]  The possibility of an election could be dangerous for Borden’s Conservative party, who had been hesitant to call by-election for twenty seats in order to avoid losing their majority.[21]  In 1915, the Opposition reluctantly agreed to delay elections by one year by Borden’s request.   In order to insure his party’s victory and the passing of his conscription bill, Borden knew he would need to form a coalition government with Laurier’s Liberal Party.  It was an option that had been pushed by denominational newspapers throughout 1917 and appeared to be the best way to both save the Conservatives and prevent an English-French split over the matter.[22] 

            Between May and October 1917, Borden set to work trying to form a coalition cabinet that would meet the approval of Laurier.[23]  The proposed cabinet was made up of equal parts Liberal and Conservative while Borden would remain as Prime Minister.[24]  The Liberal party was divided over the proposal when Laurier presented it, among those against included William Lyon Mackenzie King, who thought an election on conscription would be deadly for the Liberal Party.[25]  Upon returning to the Prime Minister from his meeting with the Liberal caucus, Laurier told Borden he would only support conscription if a referendum or election were conducted before it was implemented.[26]

            While all this was happening, the M.S.A. was voted on in Parliament.  On August 29, 1917, the bill was passed with a vote of 119 to 55, of which thirty-seven Quebec Liberal Members of Parliament voted against it.[27]  The M.S.A. conditions stated that all men between the ages of twenty and forty-five would be drafted into military service, though men in “vital industries or who were needed on the farms” would be exempted from having to serve.[28]  As Laurier remained unsupportive of the act and the Opposition in disorder over whether or not to side with their leader, Borden saw this as a safe chance to call an election.[29]  The announcement of the bill’s passing was met with rioting in Montreal; leaving one person dead and several injured, alongside the anti-conscription violence spreading across the rest of Quebec.[30]

            After one last failed attempt to form an agreement with Laurier, Borden met with the Governor General, the Duke of Devonshire, on October 31 to dissolve Parliament and to call for an election that would occur in December 1917.[31]  Borden had a very simple plan for winning the election: “bring over enough Liberals without Laurier to enable him to go to the people.”[32]  To insure success in the election, two emergency bills were introduced before Parliament: the Military Voters Act (M.V.A.) and the Wartime Elections Act (W.E.A).  The M.V.A. expanded suffrage to both men and women (including women who were close relatives) enrolled in the Canadian forces, regardless of the length of time they had been living in Canada.[33]  Though the bill would allow for overseas ballots to be cast, this would only be based on the political party and not the candidate, soldiers would pick their riding and the ballot would be mailed to the designated polling station.[34]  An issue with this act was government officials were given much leeway in where ballots could be sent, often leading to ballot box-stuffing in some ridings.[35]  The second bill, the W.E.A., proved to be more controversial due to its anti-immigrant nature.  Designed by the Secretary of State, Arthur Meighen, the W.E.A. disenfranchised immigrants who had come from countries that were at war with Canada, including Germans, Austrians, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ruthenians, Galicians and immigrants from Russian territory that were incorporated into the German Empire.[36]  Anyone who had come from these countries and had been naturalized after 1902 were to be disenfranchised and be exempt from conscription unless they had a male family member serving in the military.[37]  Interestingly enough, many of those who had lost the right to vote had arrived in Canada during the previous decade under Laurier and Clifford Sifton’s great immigration campaign.[38]  To defend himself from critics, Borden argued that it was necessary to disenfranchise immigrants from enemy countries as “it would be unrealistic to conscript recent arrivals… and expect them to fight against their homeland and family” and for that same reason “they should not be entrusted with a vote.”[39]  In addition to these bills, gerrymandering was committed to change the riding boundaries in Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick to weaken Liberal influence, while twenty-two seats were created in the west for population growth and to take influence away in Quebec.[40]

            Borden’s plan to form a Unionist Party was disastrous for Laurier, who saw many of his fellow Liberal members leave his side to support Borden’s coalition.[41]  The result of the election when the polls closed on the evening of December 17, 1917 saw Borden’s Unionist Party, made up of a mix of Conservatives and pro-conscription Liberals, with one hundred fifty-three seats while Laurier’s Liberals won eighty-two.[42]  Of the one hundred fifty-three seats that the Unionists had won, only three were from Quebec, the rest of the province supporting Laurier or Bourassa.[43]  Though the Unionists had won, Anglophones were not entirely supportive, giving 841,944 votes to Borden and 744,899 to Laurier.[44]  For the first time since Confederation, Conservatives no were no longer dominant in Quebec, who had become more alienated by Borden’s war policies and felt that the Prime Minister had placed his loyalties toward Great Britain instead of Canada.[45]  Since the 1917 election with the exception of the election of 1930, the Conservative Party was unable to win more than thirty-five percent of the five Quebec seats.[46]  While Quebeckers were unhappy with the results made by Borden, there was little discussion of separation.[47]  Though Joseph-Napoleon Francoeur put forth a motion in Quebec’s legislative assembly calling for secession, it was quickly debated and overruled by January 1918.[48]  At the same time, French newspapers scoffed the thought of splitting while Catholic Church officials made their position being against it very clear. [49] 

            The introduction of conscription led to desertion among Canadian men, of which sixty percent were French Canadian.[50]  This large number of evasions and the strong opposition toward force enlistment by French Canadians led to further divisions between themselves and English Canadians, who believed that the former was not doing their part in fighting the war.[51]  The Canadian government began to enforce the M.S.A. on 1 January 1918 when it called for 400,000 men from across the country to enlist.[52]  The government also sent Dominion Police officers into Quebec to find, arrest and prosecute anyone suspected of avoiding the draft.[53]  These actions prompted many angered people to arm themselves and to riot in Quebec City.[54]

            The Quebec Easter Riots began on Thursday, March 28, 1917 when Dominion Police arrested a man at a bowling alley for failing to prove he had an exemption certificate.[55]  A mob of angry people traveled to the police station in the St. Roch district of the city and pressured the police to release the man and then proceeded to vandalise the building interior and assaulted several officers.[56]  In reaction, the Dominion Police inspector contacted Quebec City’s mayor, Henri-Edgar Lavigueuer, for assistance from the municipal constabulary but proved it to be pointless since the municipal police lacked the proper training to handle the matter.[57]

            On the following day, Good Friday, another man was detained by police for suspicion of draft dodging but was quickly freed when his exemption certificate was found at home.[58]  At the same time that day, rumours spread across of rioters planning to “attack all federal buildings in Quebec City.”[59]  The mayor called for Brigadier-General Joseph-Philippe Landry, whose men were stationed in the city, to remain to restore order in the event these rumours were true.[60]  The Canadian Government supported this request, citing that Landry’s forces were legally allowed under the Militia Act of 1868, which allowed for soldiers to “aid civil powers in times of crisis or emergency.”[61]  In addition to Landry’s troops, a thousand men were sent from Toronto and an additional three thousand from the west were sent by government order to ensure the riots would be stopped as quickly as possible.[62]  The reason the Canadian government sent so many English-speaking soldiers to Quebec City was because it believed it could not rely on French-Canadians, feeling that these francophone soldiers – especially those who had been conscripted – would be sympathetic and mutiny from their commanding officers to side with the rioters.[63]  At the end of the riot, four civilians had died while several soldiers had been wounded.[64] 

            In conclusion, the election of 1917 and the Conscription Crisis are two issues that served to alienate French Canada and Quebec from the rest of Canada.  The question of instituting mandatory service created a wide gap between English and French. The English felt that French-Canadians were not doing their share to serve in protecting the British Empire while French Canadians believed Canada had no part to play in the war and had no need to fight.  The election caused further issues by weakening the influence Quebec had by gerrymandering and the establishment of wartime laws to ensure Conservative victory, which led to end of Conservative dominance in Quebec.  To French-Canadians, Borden had betrayed Canada’s sovereignty to the British Empire by instituting the M.S.A.  Therefore, it is clear that French and English Canadians were at odds with one another and have a dynamic that has shaped Canadian culture and history.

Anti-Conscription Rally, 1917

Pictures

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federal_election,_1917

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917

http://worldwaridocumentgallery.wikispaces.com/file/view/e-20020045-1509_a.jpg/310400884/e-20020045-1509_a.jpg

Bibliography

Argyle, Ray. “Blood and the Ballot: Democracy on Hold – The Federal Election of December 1917.” In Turning Points: The Campaigns that Changes Canada, 2004 and Before, edited by Ray Argyle, 155-179. Toronto: White Knight Publications, 2004.

Auger, Martin F. “On the Brink of Civil War: The Canadian Government and the Suppression of the 1918 Quebec Easter Riots.” Canadian Historical Review 89, no. 4 (December 2008): 503-540. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2014).

Dickinson, John and Brian Young. A Short History of Quebec. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008.

Filley, Walter O. “Social Structure and Canadian Political Parties: The Quebec Case”. The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Dec., 1956), 900-914. http://www.jstor.org/stable/444505.

Heath, Gordon L. “The Protestant Denominational Press and the Conscription Crisis in Canada, 1917-1918”. Etudes D'histoire Religieuse 78, no. 2 (June 2012): 27-46. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2014).

Levi, Margret. “The Institution of Conscription”. Social Science History, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Spring, 1996), 133-167. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1171506.

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[1] Ray Argyle, “The Federal Election of December 1917”, in Turning Points: The Campaigns that Changes Canada, 2004 and Before, edited by Ray Argyle, (Toronto: White Knight Publications, 2004), 159

[2] Ibid., 159.

[3] Margret Levi, “The Institution of Conscription”, Social Science History, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Spring, 1996), 147, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1171506.

[4] Ibid., 148.

[5] Ibid.

[6] Argyle, 159.

[7] Gordon L. Heath, “The Protestant Denominational Press and the Conscription Crisis in Canada, 1917-1918”, Etudes D'histoire Religieuse 78, no. 2 (June 2012), 39, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2014).

[8] Martin F. Auger, “On the Brink of Civil War: The Canadian Government and the Suppression of the 1918 Quebec Easter Riots”, Canadian Historical Review 89, no. 4 (December 2008), 506, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 29, 2014).

[9] Ibid., 506-507; Argyle, 161.

[10] Auger, 507.

[11] Argyle, 163.

[12] John Dickinson and Brian Young, A Short History of Quebec, (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008), 254.

[13] Auger, 148.

[14] Levi, 148; Argyle, 164.

[15] Auger, 507.

[16] Ibid.

[17] Heath, 43.

[18] Ibid.

[19] Ibid.

[20] Levi, 148.

[21] Argyle, 161.

[22] Ibid., 163; Heath, 37.

[23] Argyle, 164.

[24] Ibid.

[25] Ibid.

[26] Ibid.

[27] Levi, 148.

[28] Argyle, 164.

[29] Ibid.

[30] Auger, 507-508

[31] Argyle, 164-168.

[32] Ibid., 165.

[33] Ibid., 166; Levi, 149.

[34] Argyle, 166.

[35] Ibid.; Levi, 149.

[36] Ibid.

[37] Ibid.

[38] Argyle, 166.

[39] Ibid., 167.

[40] Ibid.

[41] Ibid.

[42] Argyle, 167; Levi, 149.

[43] Auger, 508.

[44] Levi, 149.

[45] Walter O. Filley, “Social Structure and Canadian Political Parties: The Quebec Case”, The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Dec., 1956), 902, http://www.jstor.org/stable/444505.

[46] Ibid.

[47] Argyle, 178.

[48] Auger, 508.

[49] Argyle, 178.

[50] Levi, 149

[51] Ibid., 150.

[52] Auger, 508.

[53] Ibid.

[54] Ibid.

[55] Ibid.

[56] Auger, 508-509.

[57] Auger, 509.

[58] Argyle, 178.

[59] Ibid.; Auger, 509.

[60] Auger, 509.

[61] Ibid.

[62] Ibid., 512; Argyle, 178.

[63] Auger, 512.

[64] Argyle, 179.